Lead concentrations in a total of 82 different types of infant formulae (cow’s milk and soybased) marked in Spain were analysed by acid-microwave decomposition and anodicstripping voltammetry. Dietary lead intake from infant formula and tap water used forpowder formula reconstitution were estimated in comparison with the provisional tolerableweekly intake (PTWI). Additionally, the influence of physical state (powder and ready touse formulae), the type of container used and the impact of industrial process fromdifferent manufacturers on lead levels were evaluated. According to our results, leadexposure from drinking water was negligible with respect to formulae investigated; wheresoya formulae contributed the highest intake (58 – 73 % PTWI), non adapted starter andspecialised formulae gave an moderate intake (31 – 42 and 26 – 37 % PTWI, respectively)and, finally, pre-term, adapted starter and follow up formulae provided the lowest leadintake (22 – 25, 22 – 26 and 16 – 22 % PTWI, respectively). Based on the current state ofknowledge about lead toxicity, manufacturers are called to make an additional effort inorder to keep a maximum lead level at 20 g l-1 for all infant formulae, although it isrecommendable that these formulations supply the upper limit (5 g l-1) of “normal”human milk.
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机译：通过酸-微波分解和阳极溶出伏安法分析了西班牙标记的总共82种不同类型的婴儿配方奶粉（牛乳和豆制品）中的铅浓度。与暂定每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）相比，估算了婴儿配方食品和用于配方粉配方的自来水的膳食铅摄入量。此外，还评估了物理状态（粉末和即用型配方）的影响，所用容器的类型以及不同制造商的工业流程对铅含量的影响。根据我们的结果，就所研究的配方而言，饮用水中的铅暴露可以忽略不计；其中大豆配方奶粉的摄入量最高（58％至73％PTWI），未经适应的发酵剂和专业配方奶粉的摄入量中等（分别为31％至42％和26％至37％PTWI），最后是早产的，适应性发酵剂和后续配方食品提供最低的铅摄入量（分别为PTWI的22 – 25、22 – 26和16 – 22％）。根据目前对铅毒性的了解，要求制造商付出更多的努力，以使所有婴儿配方食品的最大铅含量保持在20微克l-1，尽管建议这些配方应提供上限（5微克）。 g l-1）的“普通”人乳。
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