Cálculo de factores de emisión vehicular para la zona urbana de Quito en base al análisis de los registros de la revisión técnica vehicular del año 2012 y monitoreo en ruta de campo

摘要

Vehicles emissions produced in urban areas in Quito are responsible for the highest percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Database of 456 675 records from Revisión Técnica Vehicular year 2012 was analyzed to determine the size of the vehicle fleet, its classification and emission control. The total number of the fleet is 390 326 from which 95.5 % use gasoline and 4.5 % use diesel. Also, the 78.72% of gasoline vehicles are cars and the 50.49% of diesel vehicles corresponds to cargo category. Gasoline vehicle’s emissions (CO and HC) are higher in old automobiles and lower in new and recent vehicles. A gasoline car, model 1990 or earlier at idling emits 60.92 and 25.30 more times CO and HC in comparison to an automobile in 2012. Diesel vehicles present no relationship between year of fabrication and opacity. The emission factors from Chevrolet Corsa 2004 obtained during the dynamic test are: 53.12 g/km CO, 5.69 g/km HC and 2.2 g/km NOx and for the 2013 Chevrolet Aveo 2.32 g/km CO, 0.16 g/km HC and 0.30 g/km NOx. Finally, based on the emission factor curves, trend equations were determine for emission factors of the different contaminants (CO, HC and NOx) vs. instantaneous velocity. The fraction composition of the vehicle fleet and the curves of the emission factors as a function of speed can be used to improve the estimation of emissions from vehicular traffic in Quito.