Avaliação dos efeitos de compostos polifenólicos em parâmetros bioquímicos e no tratamento de déficits cognitivos associados à administração de escopolamina em peixe zebra (Danio rerio)

摘要

The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate models for studying genetics, developmental biology, neurophysiology, and biomedicine, and it is used as a model of human diseases and for the development of new therapeutic drugs, including drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid plaques deposition, development of neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation and neuronal loss in different parts of the brain that contribute to the cognitive impairment characteristic of the disease. The cholinergic system, the main system involved in this disease, presents acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter and is strongly related to processes of learning and memory formation. Besides the cholinergic system, other neurotransmitter systems, such as the purinergic system are involved in Alzheimer’s pathology. The purine-derived nucleosides and nucleotides display a role as extracellular signaling molecules in various tissues via purinergic receptors. ATP has its extracellular levels controlled by a group of enzymes called ectonucleotidases, which includes ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDases) and ecto-5'- nucleotidase, which carry out the degradation of purine nucleotides to adenosine, a nucleoside neuromodulator of cellular homeostasis. Polyphenols, compounds derived from plants, can act as modulators of cholinergic and purinergic signaling, present known antioxidant effects and no severe side effects, showing great potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential neuroprotective role of polyphenols quercetin and rutin in the prevention of cognitive impairment caused by scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist widely used for testing new drugs that facilitate cognitive abilities, as well as to analyze their effects on the enzymes responsible for modulation of neurotransmitters levels, such as ATP and acetylcholine. Our results have shown that administration of quercetin or rutin intraperitoneal (50 mg/kg) in zebrafish prevents cognitive deficits caused by exposure to scopolamine (200 μM), as demonstrated by increased latency to cross to the dark side of the inhibitory avoidance apparatus. None of the compounds in which the animals were exposed are able to alter the locomotor activity of the animals. Moreover, it has been observed that treatment with rutin followed by water exposure inhibited acetylcholine hydrolysis whereas the treatment with rutin followed by scopolamine exposure reduced ATP hydrolysis. Regarding the effects of quercetin, it has inhibited the AMP hydrolysis when its administration was followed by water or scopolamine exposure. Therefore, these results have demonstrated that polyphenols may display protective potential on to the cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine. Moreover, our findings have shown that rutin and quercetin per se are able to modulate the levels of acetylcholine, ATP, and adenosine in zebrafish brain. These results are promising regarding the possibility of preventive therapy to be carried throughout lifespan to avoid the occurrence of cognitive decline associated with aging.