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Accumulation of dietary carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherol in the internal tissues of a bird: a hypothesis for the cost of producing colored ornaments

机译:鸟类内部组织中膳食类胡萝卜素,类维生素A和生育酚的积累:生产彩色装饰物成本的假设

摘要

Carotenoid-based ornaments may have evolved as a consequence of their costs of production, which would assure the reliability of the traits as signals of individual quality. Different costs due to carotenoid allocation to the signal have been proposed, considering the scarcity of these pigments at the environment (ecological cost) and their physiological properties that would trade against the maintenance of the organism. Carotenoids of many red ornaments (ketocarotenoids) are often the result of biotransformation of those pigments abundant in the diet (usually lutein and zeaxanthin). Some authors have suggested that such a conversion implies a cost relevant for signaling because it requires high levels of antioxidant vitamins in the tissues where biotransformation takes place. We explore this hypothesis in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) by analyzing ketocarotenoids in the ornaments (bare parts) and carotenoids, vitamin A in different forms (free and esterified) and vitamin E in blood, liver and fat. Ketocarotenoids in ornaments (astaxanthin and papilioerythrinone) were not found in internal tissues, suggesting that they were directly transformed in the bare parts. However, ketocarotenoid levels where positively correlated with the levels of their precursors (zeaxanthin and lutein, respectively) in internal tissues. Interestingly, ketocarotenoid levels in bare parts negatively and positively correlated with vitamin A and E in the liver, respectively, the same links only being positive in blood. Moreover, retinyl and zeaxanthin levels in liver were negatively related. We hypothesize that storing substrate carotenoids in the main storage site (the liver) implies a cost in terms of regulating the level of vitamin A.
机译:基于类胡萝卜素的装饰品可能是由于其生产成本而演变的,这将确保特征作为单个质量信号的可靠性。考虑到这些色素在环境中的稀缺性(生态成本)及其生理特性(会损害生物体的维持),已经提出了由于类胡萝卜素分配给信号而产生的不同成本。许多红色装饰物(类胡萝卜素)中的类胡萝卜素通常是饮食中富含这些色素(通常是叶黄素和玉米黄质)的生物转化的结果。一些作者建议,这种转化意味着与信号转导相关的成本,因为它需要在发生生物转化的组织中添加高水平的抗氧化剂维生素。我们通过分析装饰物(裸露部分)中的类胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素,不同形式的维生素A(游离和酯化)以及血液,肝脏和脂肪中的维生素E,在红腿red(Alectoris rufa)中探索这一假设。在内部组织中未发现装饰物中的类胡萝卜素(金刚烷黄素和皂基紫杉酮),这表明它们直接在裸露的部位转化。但是,酮类胡萝卜素水平与其内部组织中前体(玉米黄质和叶黄素)的水平呈正相关。有趣的是,裸露部位的酮类胡萝卜素水平分别与肝脏中的维生素A和E呈负相关和正相关,相同的联系仅在血液中呈阳性。此外,肝脏中视黄醛和玉米黄质的含量呈负相关。我们假设将基质类胡萝卜素存储在主要存储位点(肝脏)中意味着在调节维生素A水平方面的成本。

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