People vary in the extent to which they prefer cooperative, competitive or individualistic achievement tasks. In the present research, we conducted two studies designed to investigate correlates and possible roots of these social interdependence orientations, namely approach and avoidance temperament, general self-efficacy, implicit theories of intelligence, and contingencies of self-worth based in others’ approval, competition, and academic competence. The results indicated that approach temperament, general self-efficacy, and incremental theory were positively, and entity theory was negatively related to cooperative preferences (|r| range from .11 to .41); approach temperament, general self-efficacy, competition contingencies, and academic competence contingencies were positively related to competitive preferences (|r| range from .16 to .46); and avoidance temperament, entity theory, competitive contingencies, and academic competence contingencies were positively related, and incremental theory was negatively related to individualistic preferences (|r| range from .09 to .15). The findings are discussed with regard to the meaning of each of the three social interdependence orientations, cultural differences among the observed relations, and implications for practicioners.
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机译：人们喜欢合作，竞争或个人主义成就任务的程度有所不同。在本研究中，我们进行了两项旨在调查这些社会相互依存取向的相关性和可能根源的研究，即接近和回避性情，总体自我效能感，内隐的智力理论和在他人认可下的自我价值的偶然性，竞争和学术能力。结果表明，进场气质，一般自我效能感和增量理论呈正相关，实体理论与合作偏好呈负相关（| r |范围为.11至.41）；态度气质，一般自我效能感，竞争偶然性和学术能力偶然性与竞争偏好呈正相关（| r |范围为.16至.46）；回避性气质，实体理论，竞争偶然性和学术能力突发性之间呈正相关，而增量理论与个人偏好之间呈负相关（| r |范围为.09至.15）。讨论了关于三个社会相互依存取向的含义，所观察到的关系之间的文化差异以及对从业者的影响的调查结果。
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