At present, HVDC links are built as turnkey projects by a single vendor, who optimizes control and protectionbased on the project requirements. However, future DC grids require multi-vendor solutions to ensure acompetition between vendors. Standards which aim at interoperability of protection equipment, and thusmulti-vendor solutions, exist for AC systems whereas for DC systems such standards are currently lacking.This paper provides a review of AC and DC protection technologies, and assesses which aspects of ACprotection can be applied to DC protection, especially from the view point of multi-vendor interoperability. Inparticular, this paper focuses on the review and comparison of recent developments of AC and DC protectionequipment, such as measurement devices, relay, communication protocol and circuit breakers. As the result ofthis study, recommendations on standardization process of DC protection devices learned from AC protectionare provided.
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