Abstract Cloud computing provides access to shared resources through Internet. It provides facilities such as broad access, scalability and cost savings for users. However, cloud data centers consume a significant amount of energy because of inefficient resources allocation. In this paper, a novel virtual machine consolidation technique is presented based on energy and temperature in order to improve QoS (Quality of Service). In this paper, two heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms are provided called HET-VC (Heuristic Energy and Temperature aware based VM consolidation) and FET-VC (FireFly Energy and Temperature aware based VM Consolidation). Six parameters are investigated for the proposed algorithms: energy efficiency, number of migrations, SLA (Service Level Agreement) violation, ESV, time and space complexities. Using the CloudSim simulator, it is found that energy consumption can be alleviated 42% and 54% in HET-VC and FET-VC, respectively using our proposed methods. The number of VM migrations is reduced by 44% and 52% under HET-VC and FET-VC, respectively. The HET-VC and FET-VC can improve SLA violation by 62% and 64%, respectively. The Energy and SLA Violations (ESV) are improved by 61% under HET-VC and by 76% under FET-VC.
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