The flow and transport of granular media have been of major importance in commerce and industry for a long time; materials such as coal, ore, cement, grain, soap granules, sugar, sand, gravel, etc., flow in hoppers, bins, chutes, rotating drums, and moving bands. The desire to improve such transportation equipment and to reduce the energy expenditure has motivated interest in understanding the fluid mechanics of such bulk flows (Wieghardt [25]1). Though transport, heat transfer, and other processes are often effected by fluidization we are concerned here with those situations in which the flow takes place with direct physical contact between the grains. Indeed the simplest situation is that in which the interstitial fluid (usually air) has a negligible effect on the equations of motion.ududThe purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of experimental data and analysis for the flow of dry granular media through a two-dimensional or wedge-shaped hopper. It will be seen that the analytical solution which begins with the constitutive postulates suggested by Jenike and Shield [9] of (i) intergrain Coulomb friction and (ii) isotropy produces results which are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
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机译：长期以来，粒状介质的流动和运输在工商业中一直至关重要。诸如煤，矿石，水泥，谷物，肥皂粉，糖，沙子，碎石等之类的物料在料斗，垃圾箱，斜槽，转鼓和移动带中流动。改进此类运输设备并减少能源消耗的愿望激发了人们对了解此类大流量流体力学的兴趣（Wieghardt [25] 1）。尽管运输，传热和其他过程通常受流化作用的影响，但在此我们关注的是其中流与谷物之间直接物理接触而发生流动的那些情况。确实，最简单的情况是，组织液（通常是空气）对运动方程的影响可以忽略不计。 ud ud本文的目的是提供实验数据的比较和干颗粒介质流动的分析通过一个二维或楔形料斗。可以看出，以Jenike和Shield [9]提出的本构假设为基础的分析解决方案（i）晶粒间库仑摩擦和（ii）各向同性产生的结果与实验测量结果非常吻合。
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