Direct analysis of biologically-relevant entities such as nucleic acids and proteins offers the potential to outperform conventional analysis techniques and diagnostic methods through enhancements in speed, accuracy, and sensitivity. Nanofluidic systems with critical dimensions comparable to the molecular scale open up new possibilities for direct observation, manipulation and analysis of biomolecules (single or ensemble), thus providing a novel basis for ultra-sensitive and high-resolution sensors and medical diagnostic systems. Inspired by this concept, we have developed a new class of nanofluidic filter devices and have implemented them as controllable molecular sieves for rapid analytical separation of various physiologically-relevant molecules such as dsDNA and proteins. In addition, we have conducted theoretical studies of molecular sieving process in the context of periodic free-energy landscapes created by the patterned nanofluidic filter arrays. The kinetic model constructed based upon the equilibrium partitioning theory and the Kramers rate theory properly describes the field-dependent sieving behavior, presenting notable progress beyond the existing equilibrium model in conventional gels.
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