Investigation of gaseous and particulate emissions from various marine vessel types measured on the banks of the Elbe in Northern Germany

摘要

Measurements of the ambient aerosol, various trace gases and meteorologicalquantities using a mobile laboratory (MoLa) were performed on the banks ofthe Lower Elbe in an emission control area (ECA) which is passed by numerousprivate and commercial marine vessels reaching and leaving the port ofHamburg, Germany. From 25–29 April 2011 a total of 178 vessels were probedat a distance of about 0.8–1.2 km with high temporal resolution. 139 shipemission plumes were of sufficient quality to be analyzed further and todetermine emission factors (EFs).Concentrations of aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAH) and black carbon were measured in PM and sizedistribution instruments covered the diameter range from 6 nm up to32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosolwas measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS).Gas phase species analyzers monitored various trace gases (O,SO, NO, NO, CO) in the air and a weather station providedwind, precipitation, solar radiation data and other quantities. Together withship information for each vessel obtained from Automatic IdentificationSystem (AIS) broadcasts a detailed characterization of the individual shiptypes and of features affecting gas and particulate emissions is provided.Particle number EFs (average 2.6+16 # kg) and PMmass EFs (average 2.4 g kg) tend to increase with the fuelsulfur content. Observed PM composition of the vessel emissions wasdominated by organic matter (72%), sulfate (22%) and black carbon(6%) while PAHs only account for 0.2% of the submicron aerosol mass.Measurements of gaseous components showed an increase of SO (averageEF: 7.7 g kg) and NO (average EF: 53 g kg) while Odecreased when a ship plume reached the sampling site. The particle numbersize distributions of the vessels are generally characterized by a bimodalsize distribution, with the nucleation mode in the 10–20 nm diameter rangeand a combustion aerosol mode centered at about 35 nm while particlesextgreater 1 μm were not found. "High particle number emitters"are characterized by a dominant nucleation mode. By contrast, increasedparticle concentrations around 150 nm primarily occurred for "high blackcarbon emitters". Classifying the vessels according to their gross tonnageshows a decrease of the number, black carbon and PAH EFs while EFs ofSO, NO, NO, NO, AMS species (particulate organics,sulfate) and PM mass concentration increase with increasing grosstonnages.