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Muscle Fibre Architecture of Thoracic and Lumbar Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in the Horse

机译:胸纤维建筑学的胸椎和腰部疣肌背部肌肉在马

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摘要

As the longissimus dorsi muscle is the largest muscle in the equine back, it has great influence on the stability of the spine and facilitates proper locomotion. The longissimus muscle provides support to the saddle and rider and thereby influences performance in the horse. Muscular dysfunction has been associated with back disorders and decline of performance. In general, muscle function is determined by its specific intramuscular architecture. However, only limited three-dimensional metrical data are available for the inner organisation of the equine longissimus dorsi muscle. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the inner architecure of the equine longissimus. The thoracic and lumbar longissimus muscles of five formalin-fixed cadaveric horse backs of different ages and body types were dissected layerwise from cranial to caudal. Three-dimensional coordinates along individual muscle fibre bundles were recorded using a digitisation tool (MicroScribe®), to capture their origin, insertion and general orientation. Together with skeletal data from computed tomography (CT) scans, 3D models were created using imaging software (Amira). For further analysis, the muscle was divided into functional compartments during preparation and morphometric parameters, such as the muscle fascicle length, pennation angles to the sagittal and horizontal planes, muscle volume and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), were determined. Fascicle length showed the highest values in the thoracic region and decreased from cranial to caudal, with the cranial lumbar compartment showing about 75% of cranial fascicle length, while in most caudal compartments, fascicle length was less than 50% of the fascicle length in thoracic compartments. The pennation angles to the horizontal plane show that there are differences between compartments. In most cranial compartments, fascicles almost run parallel to the horizontal plane (mean angle 0°), while in the caudal compartment, the angles increase up to a mean angle of 38°. Pennation angles to the sagittal plane varied not only between compartments but also within compartments. While in the thoracic compartments, the fascicles run nearly parallel to the spine, in the caudal compartments, the mean angles range from 0–22°. The muscle volume ranged from 1350 cm3 to 4700 cm3 depending on body size. The PCSA ranged from 219 cm2 to 700 cm2 depending on the muscle volume and mean fascicle length. In addition to predictable individual differences in size parameters, there are obvious systemic differences within the muscle architecture along the longissimus muscle which may affect its contraction behaviour. The obtained muscle data lay the anatomical basis for a specific biomechanical model of the longissimus muscle, to simulate muscle function under varying conditions and in comparison to other species.
机译:随着长度肌肉是马背上最大的肌肉,它对脊柱的稳定性产生了很大影响,有助于适当的运动。长鼻肌肌肉为马鞍和骑手提供支持,从而影响马的性能。肌肉功能障碍与背部疾病有关和性能下降。通常,肌肉功能由其特定的颗粒架构决定。然而,只有有限的三维韵律数据可用于大标志性肌肉肌肉的内部组织。因此,我们旨在调查马氏镰刀茎的内部占子。从颅骨到尾部分别解剖到不同年龄和身体类型的五件福尔马林固定的尸体马背和身体类型的胸骨和腰椎肌肉。使用数字化工具(MicroScripe®)记录沿各个肌肉束的三维坐标,以捕获它们的起源,插入和一般方向。与来自计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描的骨骼数据一起,使用成像软件(Amira)创建3D模型。为了进一步分析,在制备和形态测量参数期间,肌肉被分成功能隔室,例如肌肉束缚长度,对矢状和水平平面,肌肉体积和生理横截面积(PCSA)的钢圈角度。束缚长度显示胸部区域的最高值,并从颅骨到尾部下降,颅腰隔室显示约75%的颅骨束缚长度,而在大多数尾部间隔中,束缚长度小于胸部束缚长度的50%隔间。水平平面的钢筋角度表明隔室之间存在差异。在大多数颅骨隔室中,束几乎平行于水平面(平均角度0°),而在尾部隔室中,角度增加到38°的平均角度。矢状角对于矢状平面不仅在隔室之间变化,而且在隔室内变化。虽然在胸间隔室中,束束在尾部间隔几乎平行于脊柱,平均角度范围为0-22°。根据体尺寸,肌肉体积范围为1350 cm3至4700cm3。 PCSA根据肌肉体积和平均束缚长度,PCSA范围为219cm2至700cm 2。除了可预测的尺寸参数差异之外,沿着长肌肉肌肉的肌肉结构中存在明显的全身差异,可能影响其收缩行为。所获得的肌肉数据为长茎肌肉的特定生物力学模型奠定了解剖学基础,以模拟不同条件下的肌肉功能,与其他物种相比。

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