Evaluation of apical foramen localisation of upper and lower molars

摘要

The success of nonsurgical root canal therapy is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the root and root canal morphology in order to locate all canals and properly clean, shape, and obturate the canal space in three dimensions. Great variation were shown in the scientific literature with respect to the number of roots and internal canal morphology of teeth. When considering the anatomy of all human teeth, the incidence of the number of roots and the number of canals varies greatly in the literature. The root and root canal morphology of teeth are highly variable and can be extremely complex. udNumerous factors contribute to variations found in the root and root canal studies reported. These factors include ethnicity, age, sex, unintentional bias in selection of clinical examples of teeth (specialty endodontic practice versus general dental practice) and study design (in vitro versus in vivo). An earlier paper by the authors has explored some of the various methods used and possible reasons for variations in results. A digital stereomicroscope with integrated software was used to provide accurate measurement of a large number of teeth.ududKey words: tooth morphology, anomalies, mandibular molar, maxillary molars, number of canals, number of roots, root canal morphology ud