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Communicating information on eruptions and their impacts from the earliest times until the late twentieth century

机译:从最早到20世纪末就喷发及其影响信息进行交流

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摘要

Volcanoes hold a fascination for human beings and, before they were recorded by literate observers, eruptions were portrayed in art, were recalled in legends and became incorporated into religious practices: being viewed as agents of punishment, bounty or intimidation depending upon their state of activity and the culture involved. In the Middle East the earliest depiction of an eruption is a wall painting dating from the Neolithic at Çatal Hüyük and the earliest record dates from the third millennium BCE. Knowledge of volcanoes increased over time. In some parts of the world knowledge of eruptions was passed down by oral transmission, but as far as written records were concerned, in the first century CE only 9 volcanoes in the Mediterranean region were recognised, together with Mount Cameroon in West Africa. In the next 1000 years the list grew by 17, some 14 of these volcanoes being in Japan. The first recorded eruptions in Indonesia occurred in 1000 and 1006, and volcanoes in newly settled Iceland increased the number to just 48 in 1380 CE. After this the list continued to increase, with important regions such as New Zealand and Hawaii only being added in the past 200 years. Only from 1900 did the rate of growth decline significantly (Simkin et al. 1981: 23; Simkin, 1993 Siebert et al. 2011; Simkin, 1993), but it is sobering to recall that in the twentieth century major eruptions have occurred from volcanoes that were considered inactive or extinct examples including: Mount Lamington - Papua New Guinea, 1951; Mount Arenal - Costa Rica, 1968 and Nyos - Cameroon, 1986. Although there are instances where the human impact of historical eruptions have been compiled - with examples including the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Simkin and Fiske (1983) and 1943 -1952 eruption of Parícutin (Luhr and Simkin, 1993) - these are exceptions and there remains a significant gap in knowledge about both the short and long-term effects on societies of major eruptions which occurred before the 1980s. Following a broad review the chapter provides a discussion of the ways in which information has been collected, compiled and disseminated from the earliest times until the 1980s in two case study areas: the Azores Islands (Portugal) and southern Italy. In Italy information on eruptions stretches back to prehistoric times and has become progressively better known over more than 2,000 years of written history, yet even here there remain significant gaps in the record even for events that took place between 1900 and 1990. In contrast, located in the middle of the Atlantic, the Azores have been isolated for much of their history and illustrate the difficulties involved in using indigenous sources to compile, not only assessments of impact, but also at a more basic level a complete list of historical events with accurate dates.
机译:火山对人类着迷,在有文化的观察者记录火山之前,火山曾在艺术中被刻画,在传说中被召回并被纳入宗教习俗:根据其活动状况,它们被视为惩罚,赏金或胁迫的代理人和涉及的文化。在中东,喷发的最早描绘是一幅壁画,其历史可以追溯到ÇatalHüyük的新石器时代,而最早的记载可以追溯到公元前三千年。随着时间的流逝,对火山的了解增加了。在世界上的某些地区,人们通过口头传播的方式传播了有关喷发的知识,但就书面记录而言,在公元一世纪,仅地中海地区的9座火山与西非的喀麦隆山一起被确认。在接下来的1000年中,这个清单增加了17个,其中有14个在日本。印度尼西亚的首次爆发喷发发生于1000年和1006年,新定居的冰岛的火山喷发使公元1380年的火山喷发数量增加到仅48个。此后,该列表继续增加,仅在过去200年中才添加了重要区域,例如新西兰和夏威夷。直到1900年,增长率才开始显着下降(Simkin等,1981:23; Simkin,1993; Siebert等,2011; Simkin,1993),但是令人回想到,在20世纪,火山爆发了被认为是不活跃或灭绝的例子包括:拉明顿山-巴布亚新几内亚,1951年;阿雷纳尔山-哥斯达黎加,1968年;尼奥斯-喀麦隆,1986年。尽管在某些情况下已经汇编了历史喷发对人类的影响-包括1883年喀拉喀托火山喷发(Simkin和Fiske(1983)和1943年-1952年喷发)。 Parícutin(Luhr and Simkin,1993)-这些都是例外,在1980年代以前发生的对大爆发的社会的短期和长期影响方面,知识上仍然存在很大的差距。最早的信息收集,收集和传播方式一直到1980年代在两个案例研究区域:亚速尔群岛(葡萄牙)和意大利南部;在意大利,有关喷发的信息可以追溯到史前时代,并且逐渐变得更好在2,000多年的书面历史中广为人知,但即使是在1900年至1990年之间发生的事件中,即使在这里,记录仍存在巨大差距。相比之下,亚速尔群岛位于大西洋中部,因其历史悠久而被孤立,并说明了利用土著资源进行汇编所涉及的困难,不仅包括影响评估,还包括更基本的清单。具有准确日期的历史事件。

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