Interactions hommes-chimpanzés-forêt. Approche spatiale et territoriale de la répartition des chimpanzés, des perceptions locales et de la gestion de la biodiversité (Sebitoli, parc national de Kibale, Ouganda)

摘要

In a context of hyper-proximity between chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and human population, human and non-human territories and their interactions are studied at the extreme north of Kibale National Park (Uganda). Sebitoli area, cul de sac of the protected forest, is crossed by a highly frequented tarmac road and surrounded by densely populated villages and cash crops. Limits of humans, chimpanzees (classified "endangered"; Appendix I, CITES) and protected areas are historically and spatially interlocked, forbidding humans to enter the forest while wild animals go and crop-raid peoples' gardens at its edges. Compared to two chimpanzee communities within Kibale National Park, located less than 17 kilometers away, Sebitoli - former logged area - hosts an important density of this species that is explained by spatial and temporal variation of chimpanzee feeding resources within the forest. At Sebitoli site’s scale (25 km2), Maxent species distribution model shows that crops located at park's edges and the maintenance work on the road crossing the area can actually favour chimpanzee distribution, adding complementary food resources to wild species of the forest. While territories seem legally disjointed, believes and spirits trespass them and the contact with nature is maintained though imagination, culture and some practices. A mitigated adequation between institutional actions toward crop protection and villagers needs leads to a feeling of detachment toward wild fauna and flora conducting to silent (crop raiding compensations are not continuous) and selective (elephants and baboons concentrate villagers' attention compared to chimpanzees) opposition. Positive (species and spaces conservation) and negative (crop-raiding, poaching) retroactions coexist within local biodiversity management. These results provide useful inputs to adapt political measures of endangered-species conservation within increasing anthropogenic contexts.