Technical/Agency Draft Recovery Plan for Four Species of Hawaiian Ferns

摘要

The recovery plan covers four species of Hawaiian ferns that were added to theFederal list of endangered and threatened species of September 26, 1994 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1994a)). Much of the background information in this plan was taken directly from the final rule listing these four species of fern (USFWS 1994a), although portions have been modified to include updated information. Asplenium fragile var. insulare (no common name (NCN)), Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa), Diplazium molokaiense (NCN), an Pteris lidatei (NCN) are all endemic (restricted) to the Hawaiian Islands. The four taxa and their habitats have been variously affected or are threatended by one or more of the following: habitat degradation and/or predation by feral or domestic animals; competition for space, light, water, and nutrients from alien plants; human impacts; and fire.