Demanding Divers: Ecological Energetics of Food Exploitation by Diving Ducks

摘要

;Contents: Introduction; A field test of the carrying capacity concept inwintering diving ducks: do high foraging costs delimit exploitation of Zebra Mussels; Size selection in diving Tufted Ducks Aythya fuligula explained by differential handling of small and large mussels Dreisssena polymorpha; Adjustments in the diving time budgets of Tufted Duck and Pochard: is there evidence for a mix of metabolic pathways; Diving costs as a component of daily energy budgets of aquatic birds and mammals: generalizing the inclusion of dive-recovery costs demonstrated in Tufted Ducks; Body cooling and its implications for feeding and diving of Tufted Ducks; Wintering Tufted Ducks Aythya fuligula diving for Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorphia balance feeding costs within narrow margins of their energy budget; Food intake rates and habitat segregation of Tufted Duck and Scaup exploiting Zebra Mussels; Synthesis. An energetic approach to habitat use and food exploitation limits of diving ducks in the IJsselmeer area.