Competition in 1997: U.S. and Competitor Expenditures on Export Promotion and Export Subsidies for Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Products

摘要

U.S. exports of high-value and consumer-ready foods have increased steadily in recent years, but will continue to face stiff competition in major importing markets. Many exporting countries have announced ambitious export goals and have oriented their export programs to attract larger numbers of small- and medium-size firms to exporting. The chief export policy tools employed by exporting countries are: direct export subsidies, export market promotion (development) programs, export credit and credit guarantee programs, and statutory marketing boards. This report focuses on other countries market development programs and activities which are similar to those of the U.S. Department of Agricultures programs such as the Market Access Program (MAP) and the Foreign Market Development (FMD) Program. Because of their continuing impact on the marketing environment for agricultural products, the direct export subsidies of major subsidizing countries such as the European Union are also addressed in this report.