Development of Vacuum Phototriodes for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

摘要

A new generation of vacuum phototriodes (VPTs) has been developed for applicationin the end cap sub-system of the crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These VPTs must operate with high reliability for at least ten years in an extremely hostile environment. Results are presented from an extensive program of tests, demonstrating that the required properties of significant gain the a 4 T magnetic field, resistance to ionizing radiation, and stable operation with large photocurrents can all be satisfied in a robust, compact, inexpensive device.