Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 13

摘要

Partial Contents: Public Health Implications of Changes in Cigarette Design and Marketing (Compensation in Smokers, Elasticity of Demand in the Cigarette, Marketing of Low-Yield Cigarettes, Disease Risks); Cigarette Design (Cigarette-Yield Testing by Smoking Machine Using the FTC Protocol, Changes in FTC Machine-Smoked Yields Over Time, Design Changes That Reduce Standard Yields, Compensation and Cigarette Design: Difference in Yield with Different Smoking Patterns); Compensatory Smoking of Low-Yield Cigarettes (Role of Nicotine in Maintaining Tobacco Addiction, Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Nicotine Absorption from Cigarette Smoking, Estimating the Extent of Compensation, Studies of Smoking Cigarettes with Different Machine- Determined Yields: Methodological Considerations); Smoking Lower Yield Cigarettes and Disease Risks (Historical Development of the Lower Yield Cigarette Issue, Limitations of Epidemiological Studies in Examining the Risks of Low-Yield Cigarette Use, Published Epidemiological Studies of Health Endpoints, Biologic Implications of Compensation for Changes in Cigarette Design, Correlation of Cigarette Brand Choice with Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day and Duration of Smoking, Temporal Trends in Lung Cancer and Other Diseases in Major); The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays (Identification of Carcinogens, Tumor Promoters, and Carcinogens in Tobacco Smoke, Smoking Conditions, Changes in Cigarette Smoke Composition with Various Design Changes, Observations on Cigarette Smokers); Public Understanding of Risk and Reasons for Smoking Low-Yield Products (Perceptions of Light Cigarettes, Reasons for Smoking or Switching to Light Cigarettes, The Relationship of Switching to Quitting); Marketing Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields.