Annotated Bibliography of the Potential Environmental Impacts of Chlorination and Disinfection Byproducts Relevant to Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Port Facilities

摘要

This research specifically addresses a Minerals Management Service (MMS) Special Task Area and also responds to urgent informational needs of the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Coast Guard, NOAAs National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA NMFS), and northern Gulf of Mexico state natural resource agencies. We conducted an extensive literature search and compiled an indexed, annotated bibliography on the toxicity of intake chlorinated waters and their disinfection byproducts associated with proposed offshore, open-loop (flow-through), Liquefied Natural Gasification (LNG) terminals and the potential environmental consequences that will result when these substances are discharged into the marine environment. Consideration of the application and licensing of these offshore LNG facilities with openloop, intake water circulation systems is on-going. Environmental concerns still remain within the regulatory oversight agencies, the commercial and recreational fishing industries, and with the public-at-large. These concerns have specifically focused on the anticipated accumulative high mortalities of commercially- and recreationally-important ichthyoplankton and zooplankton (i.e., decapods or crabs and shrimp). These mortalities will result from the impingement, entrainment, toxic exposure to chlorination and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) associated with treatment of intake waters, and from cold shock during the operation of these proposed LNG open-loop systems.