Effects of Continuous Zinc Exposure on Sockeye Salmon During Adult-to-Smolt Freshwater Residency

摘要

This chronic zinc toxicity with sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) consisted of a 3-mo adult exposure followed by an 18-mo exposure of embryonic through smolt stages. The zinc concentrations utilized were 30 to 112 microgram/liter during the adult-to-smolt exposure period, and an additional 242 microgram/liter concentration was used for the embryo-to-smolt exposure period. These zinc concentrations produced no adverse effects on survival, fertility, fecundity, growth, or on the subsequent survival of smolts transferred to seawater.