Evaluation of Several Methods of Applying Sewage Effluent to Forested Soils in the Winter

摘要

Surface application methods result in heat loss, deep soil frost, and surface ice accumulations; subsurface methods increase heat loss and produce shallower frost. Distribution of effluent within the frozen soil is a function of surface application methods, piping due to macropores and biopores, and water movement due to temperature gradients. Nitrate is not renovated.