Black Abalone Monitoring at Channel Islands National Park, 2008-2010. Channel Islands National Park Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, October 2010.

摘要

The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, is a large herbivorous gastropod that primarily inhabits crevices and undersides of ledges and boulders in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of the California Channel Islands and mainland. Once one of the most spatially-dominant organisms in the mid-intertidal zone at the northern islands in Channel Islands National Park (CINP) in the early 1980s, current populations have been depressed to less than one percent of historic black abalone populations. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the southern California black abalone population collapsed due to Withering Syndrome (WS), a disease caused by a Rickettsiales-like bacterium, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis that attacks digestive epithelial cells. As a result of the widespread decline in populations, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) listed black abalone as a federally Endangered Species in February, 2009.