The Structure of Withdrawal: Relationships Among Estrangement, Tardiness, Absenteeism and Turnover

摘要

The study consists of theoretical and empirical explorations of the structure of withdrawal. Objectives of the research included determining whether four forms of withdrawal (estrangement, tardiness, absenteeism, turnover) were related to one another, and determining the precise form of these relationships. Specifically, it was argued that withdrawal manifestations progress from their least to most severe forms. Data from approximately 200 employees in each of three organizations (a petfood manufacturer, a bank, and a public transportation authority) were examined.