Independent Physical-Chemical (IPC) Treatment of Municipal Wastewater: Design and Operations Feedback

摘要

This report presents the results of a investigation of 11 Independent Physical-Chemical (IPC) Treatment Plants, conducted as part of a nationwide advanced waste treatment (AWT) effectiveness evaluation sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The results of the investigation indicated that virtually all of these plants are experiencing difficulties with one or more of their treatment processes. This document briefly outlines the problems encountered at IPC plants and provides a limited discussion of the impacts of these problems on the plant's performance.