Some Effects of Predaceous Birds and Ants on the Western Spruce Budworm on Conifer Seedlings

摘要

Effects of predaceous birds and ants on the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, were studied on seedlings of western larch and Douglas-fir in western Montana. On western larch, both birds and ants reduced survival of larval budworm. On Douglas-fir, larval survival on one site was reduced by ants but not by birds. On a second site, neither birds nor ants had any effect on larval survival on Douglas-fir.