Assessment of Risks from Exposure of Humans, Terrestrial and Avian Wildlife, and Aquatic Life to Dioxins and Furans from Disposal and Use of Sludge from Bleached Kraft and Sulfite Pulp and Paper Mills

摘要

The purpose of the study is to estimate potential human and wildlife exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) from the use or disposal of pulp and paper sludge and from the disposal of pulp and paper products. The analysis estimates risks from (1) generic disposal and use scenarios and (2) the current pattern of use and disposal. The generic assessment uses generalized, worst case estimates for model parameters describing contaminant concentrations and site characteristics, while the analysis of current practices uses site-specific data on existing sludge use and disposal practices to provide an estimate of risk under current conditions.