Simulations of the Energy Performance of a Solar Photovoltaic Residence and Hybrid Electric Automobile in Fresno, California.

摘要

The hour-by-hour energy performance of a photovoltaic residence and hybrid electric vehicle system that could be built with 1980s' technology is analyzed. Thermal and electrical performance in both stand-alone and grid-connected configurations were simulated with computer models using actual hourly solar and weather data for Fresno, California. The system centers around an energy-efficient residence that incorporates passive heating and cooling. For the simulations in this study, 110 square meters of GE photovoltaic shingle modules (9.6 kW(e) rated power), a 10 kW(e) dc-ac inverter, and advanced lead-acid batteries of 61 kWh(e) capacity were added to the residence. The auto has 30 kWh(e) of lead-acid batteries and a 40-hp electric drive motor for propulsion. The auto was assumed to travel 100 km (62 miles) each day (36,500 km (22,680 miles) annually). A small (10 kW(e)) backup liquid-fueled engine/generator in the auto provides supplemental electricity on cloudy days and for long-distance travel. The utility would provide backup electricity for the residence, or the auto engine/generator can provide this backup power to the residence as well as so-called waste heat from the engine for space heating and domestic hot water. Year-round heating and cooling needs are met primarily with passive design features, and most hot water comes from a solar water heater. The PV array meets all the electrical loads of the residence on 315 days and part of the load on the other 50 days.