Variable Cross-Section Space-Frame and Shell Finite Elements

摘要

One and two dimensional quadratic isoparametric elements in which the cross-sectional dimensions can be varied within the element are discussed. The formulation of the element stiffness and mass matrices are described briefly. The importance of the locking phenomenon is examined and stress smoothing and evaluation is discussed. A number of examples are given to show the effectiveness and the characteristics of these variable depth elements for everyday problems.