Importance of Satisfactory Positioning, Diving and Mapping Systems, Suitable for Exploration and Transportation in Ice-Covered Sea Areas

摘要

The evolution of remote sensing for operations in ice-covered sea areas, especially in the exploration of natural resources, such as oil, gas and minerals, and at surface shipping as well as under-ice navigation is reviewed. Expeditions and interdisciplinary scientific projects of special value for arctic operations are described. Underwater pingoes, offshore permafrost and ground ice are discussed. Hydrooptics, hydroacoustics and navigation FOA-SUB (remote-controlled research vehicle), and diving activities and underwater communication are considered. Offshore activities and Scandinavian underwater technology are examined. A remotely-piloted vehicle employed for ship wreck reconnaissance in the High Arctic is described.