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Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent Issue

机译:组织利用空间:对持久性问题的历史观点

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Slightly more than a half century ago the first tentative explorations into space learned that it was an environment in which the United States could conduct operations of benefit to the nation and its people. With the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1990s, advocates of an aggressive space exploration program face a problem similar to what they encountered at the end of the World War 2. Then, as now, makers of space policy have been wrestling with the definition of a space program that does not have a strong defense component aimed at a large, powerful, and determined rival. During the 1940s and 1950s three prinicipal ingredients coalesced to bring to fruition the development of an aggressive civil and military space exploration and application program for the United States. The first of these was the development of an enabling technology, essentially rocketry and its attendant elements, that make possible travel into and through space. The second was an economic and industrial base sufficient to support the huge expenditures of funds necessary to sustain exploration in its nascent form before economies of scale brought down its cost in real terms. The third was the human will to carry out these efforts. These were motivated by adventure and romance, economics and idealism, pragmatism and politics depending upon the various makers of public policy and their interests. Indeed, a coalition of interests came together to support specific projects for different reasons. They were propelled in large measure by the Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union, and the need to excel in space both militarily and from an international prestige perspective. Because of the timely nature of space policy formulation for the United States at the end of the twentieth century, the History Committee of the American Astronautical Society organized a session at the November 1993 meeting to address the issues of formulations of space policy in earlier eras. It assembled a set of five presentations on the civil and military development of how and why space activities were organized and conducted for the period between the 1940s and the 1980s just as the Cold War was winding down. These five presentations, as well as additional perspectives added thereafter, have been consolidated into this publication for the benefit of a wider audience than those present at the annual meeting. The goal of this work, therefore, is to record in one place the historical observations about astronautical policy-making developments offered by individuals from broad and divergent backgrounds, with differing perspectives on events.

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