Lithogenic and cosmogenic tracers in catchment hydrology

摘要

A variety of physical processes affect solute concentrations within catchment waters. The isotopic compositions of the solutes can indicate which processes have determined the observed concentrations. These processes together constitute the physical history of the water, which is one of the primary concerns in hydrology. Many groundwater solutes are derived as a result of interaction between the water and the rock and/or soil within the system. These are termed 'lithogenic' solutes. The isotopic compositions of these solutes provide information regarding rock-water interactions. Many other solutes have their isotopic compositions determined both internally and externally to the catchment system. Important members of this group include solutes that have isotopic compositions produced by atomic particle interactions with other nuclides. The source of the atomic particles can be cosmic radiation (producing 'cosmogenic' nuclides in the atmosphere and land surface), anthropogenic nuclear reactions (producing 'thermonuclear' nuclides), or radioactive and fission decay of naturally-occurring elements, such as U and Th (producing 'in-situ' lithogenic nuclides in the deep subsurface). Current language usage often combines all of the atomic particle-produced nuclides under the heading 'cosmogenic nuclides', and for simplicity we will often follow that usage, although always clearly indicating which variety is being discussed. This paper addresses the processes that affect the lithogenic and cosmogenic solute compositions in groundwater and how these compositions can therefore be used in integrative ways to understand the physical history of groundwater within a catchment system.