In-situ x-ray characterization of LiMn(sub 2)O(sub 4): A comparison of structural and electrochemical behavior

摘要

Li(sub x)Mn(sub 2)O(sub 4) materials are of considerable interest in battery research and development. The crystal structure of this material can significantly affect electrochemical performance. The ability to monitor changes of crystal structure during use, that is during electrochemical cycling, would prove useful to verify and control such structural changes. The authors report in-situ XRD measurements of LiMn(sub 2)O(sub 4) cathodes with the use of an electrochemical cell designed for in-situ X-ray analysis. Cells prepared using this cell design allow investigation of the changes in the LiMn(sub 2) O(sub 4) structure during charge and discharge. They describe the variation in lattice parameters along the voltage plateaus and consider the structural changes in terms of the electrochemical results on each cell. Kinetic effects of LiMn(sub 2)O(sub 4) phase changes are also addressed. Applications of the in- situ cell to other compounds such as LiCoO(sub 2) cathodes and carbon anodes are presented as well.