Summary of Generation-IV transmutation impacts.

摘要

An assessment of the potential role of Generation IV nuclear systems in an advanced fuel cycle has been performed. The Generation IV systems considered are the thermal-spectrum VHTR and SCWR, and the fast-spectrum GFR, LFR, and SFR. This report addresses the impact of each system on advanced fuel cycle goals, particularly related to waste management and resource utilization. The transmutation impact of each system was also assessed, along with variant designs for transuranics (TRU) burning. The base fuel cycle for the thermal reactor concepts (VHTR and SCWR) is a once-through fuel cycle using low-enriched uranium fuels. The higher burnup and thermal efficiency of the VHTR gives an advantage in terms of heavy-metal waste mass and volume, with lower decay heat and radiotoxicity of the spent fuel per electrical energy produced, compared to a PWR. Fuel utilization might, however, be worse compared to the PWR, because of the higher fuel enrichment essential to meeting the VHTR system design requirements. The SCWR concept also featured improved thermal efficiency; however, benefits are reduced by the lower fuel discharge burnup. The base fuel cycle for the fast reactor concepts (SFR, GFR, and LFR) is a closed fuel cycle using recycled TRU and depleted uranium fuels. Waste management gains from complete recycle are substantial, with the final disposition heat load determined by processing losses. The base Generation-IV concepts allow consumption of U-238 significantly extending uranium resources (up to 100 times). For both thermal and fast concepts, recent design studies have pursued the development of dedicated burner designs. Preliminary results suggest that a burnup of 50-60% is possible in a VHTR burner design using non-uranium (transuranics) fuel. However, practical limits related to higher actinide buildup and safety impact may limit the extent of TRU burning in thermal reactors. Fast burner designs have been developed for both conventional and high TRU content fuel forms. In general, the conversion ratio can be varied within a system by changing the uranium loading. Recent studies indicate a low conversion ratio (0.25) SFR retains the favorable passive characteristics of conventional designs, and the cost is similar.