PROCEEDINGS OF AN ENGINEERING FOUNDATION CONFERENCE POWER SYSTEM PLANNING AND OPERATIONS:FUTURE PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH NEEDS

摘要

European energy policy focuses on a desire to reduce dependence on imported fuels. One consequence is an increasing importance of nuclear power and the use of energy storage plants.nSeveral advanced electric power supply and end-use research projects and demonstrations are active in Europe. These include:high temperature reactor for electricity, heat, and hydrogen production;fast breeder reactors;fusion reactor;heat storage (for both steam and feedwater);compressed air storage;electric batteries for hybrid electric vehicles;supplemental solar heating and cooling;heat pumps;district heating;and waste heat utilization. Load management is also widely used in Europe;tariffs are considered important instruments for load management.