AFDM: An Advanced Fluid-Dynamics Model. Volume 3: AFDM heat-transfer and momentum-exchange coefficients.

摘要

This report consists of three parts. First, for the standard Advanced Fluid-Dynamics Model (AFDM), heat-transfer coefficients between components are worked out, depending on the different possible topologies. Conduction, convection, and radiative heat-transfer mechanisms are modeled. For solid particles, discontinuous phases that obey a ''rigid'' model, and components lacking relative motion, heat transfer is by conduction. Convection is represented for fluids in motion inside ''circulating'' bubbles and/or droplets. Radiation is considered between droplets in vapor continuous flow. In addition, a film-boiling model has been formulated, where radiation provides the lower limit on the fuel-to-coolant heat-transfer coefficient. Second, the momentum-exchange coefficients are defined for the standard AFDM. Between a continuous and discontinuous phase, the model consists of both laminar and turbulent terms. The most important feature is the drag coefficient in the turbulent term. It is calculated by a drag similarity hypothesis with limits for large Reynolds numbers, distorted ''particles,'' and churn-turbulent flow. A unique hysteresis algorithm exists to treat the liquid continuous to vapor continuous transition. Two discontinuous components are coupled using a turbulent term with an input drag coefficient. Fluid- structure momentum exchange is represented with a standard friction-factor correlation. Third, the formulas used for the AFDM simplified Step 1 models are discussed. These include the heat-transfer coefficients, the momentum-exchange functions, and the manner in which interfacial areas are determined from input length scales. The simplified modeling uses steady-state engineering correlations, as in SIMMER-II.