Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in oil and gas industry equipment and wastes. A Literature Review.

摘要

The purpose of this report is to briefly issues relating to the contamination of oil and gas industry equipment and wastes with accumulations of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The report describes the present state of knowledge regarding NORM in the oil and gas industry, including information on known geographic distributions of NORM and observations on concentration levels from various types of equipment and wastes. Environmental fate and effects of NORM radionuclides and potential human impacts are discussed. A review of existing, proposed, and planned state and federal regulations, standards, and guidelines for NORM is provided, along with a brief distribution of the potential economic and technological constraints that regulations and standards governing the disposal of NORM-contaminated wastes could have on domestic oil and gas production. Research and technology transfer needs relating to issues associated with NORM are also summarized.