What are the Ethical Problems Raised by the Increase of Cognitive Capabilities in the Defence Structure: The French Legal Structure, the Ethical Position of the French Military Health Service.

摘要

All contemporary discussions concerning the ethics of human experimentation are grounded in the Nuremberg Code. It defined the general agenda and language of all subsequent ethical and legal questions concerning the proper conduct of human experimentation, and listed what for many are the basic principles underlying the ethical conduct of human research. Consequently, the Nuremberg Code, which was included in the 1947 judgment of the Nuremberg Medical Trial, greatly affects many aspects of how scientists conduct their daily work. With the passage of the National Research Act of 1974, largely in response to the revelations of the syphilis studies conducted by the Public Health Service in Tuskegee, AL, and the development of international considerations, the ethical treatment of research volunteers has become an increasingly visible and often controversial national issue. The requirements for systematic formal ethical consideration of the treatment of research volunteers may be one of the most influential, far-reaching scientific developments of the last quarter of the twentieth century. By law all scientific research that uses human research volunteers is governed by regulations prescribing the ethical treatment of these volunteers. The French law prescribing the ethical principles for conducting research on humans as animals has been defined in 1988 and confirmed in the bioethical law in 1994. Some modifications were added in 2004 in accordance with European texts. Whether military researches are directly affected by these regulations, some particularities have namely been proposed for conducting the biomedical research for the defence. In a technical report on ethical considerations for military health care, the French military health service developed guidelines for conducting biomedical research of defence. These guidelines take into account all considerations on ethics of human and animal experimentation according to the specific military res.