Strategic Forum. Number 260. November 2010. Private Contractors in Conflict Zones: The Good, the Bad, and the Strategic Impact.

摘要

In Iraq and Afghanistan, the use of contractors has reached a level unprecedented in U.S. military operations. As of March 31, 2010, the United States deployed 175,000 troops and 207,000 contractors in the war zones. Contractors represented 50 percent of the Department of Defense (DOD) workforce in Iraq and 59 percent in Afghanistan. These numbers include both armed and unarmed contractors. Thus, for the purposes of this paper, the term contractor includes both armed and unarmed personnel unless otherwise specified. The presence of contractors on the battlefield is obviously not a new phenomenon but has dramatically increased from the ratio of 1 contractor to 55 military personnel in Vietnam to 1:1 in Iraq and 1.43:1 in Afghanistan. This increase is the logical outcome of a series of decisions going back decades. Force structure reductions ranging from the post-Vietnam decisions that moved most Army logistics support elements to the Army Reserve and Guard4 to the post Cold War reduction that cut the Army from 18 to 10 divisions with corresponding cuts in support forces greatly reduced the Services ability to support long-term operations. Next, a series of decisions in the 1990s led to the employment of contractors in the Balkans for tasks ranging from traditional campbuilding to the new concept of force development that saw contractor MPRI training the Croatian army. Finally, the decision to invade Iraq with minimum forces left the United States with too few troops in-theater to deal with the disorder that resulted from the removal of Saddam Hussein. Thus, it is understandable that the immediate, unanticipated need for large numbers of logistics and security contractors in the Balkans caused the Pentagon to turn to contractors to fill the immediate operational needs.