THE FORMATION OF SHOALED-ICE MOUNDS [SAUCER-MOUNDS] AND FENCES

摘要

In the shallow-water parts of the northern seas, one very frequently observes ice structures in the form of a disorderly pile-up of fragments of shattered sea ice;they are ordinarily known as stamukhi (hummocked ice on shoals), stoyaki (ice-stands), or ice fences.nThe formation of such ice heaps, together with their shapes and sizes, is determined in each particular case by the character of the water body;by the distribution of depths, the bottom relief, the intensity of ice drift, and also by tidal fluctuations of the water level and by phenomena of ice compression and rarefaction. The pile-up may attain a considerable size. Thus ice fences of height 10 to 15 m are a usual and very frequent phenomenon not only in the Arctic seas, but also in the Baltic. Shoaled ice heaps stamukhi of height as much as 23 m have been encountered on the banks of the River Kolyma. Robert Peary describes stamukhi of height 40 m and more.