This paper contains an analysis for determining the time of arrival and doppler frequency characteristics of a pulse transmitted to a target;by reflection from a not-too-rough surface such as the sea bottom, and gives numerical values for a typical sonar application. The analysis may be important in sonar signal processing associated with one-way or round-trip transmission and in the interpretation of data from marine geophysical surveys;it may in addition have application to propagation of electro-mechanical waves by ionospheric refraction.
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