Investigation of Persistent Current States in Rotating Superfluid Helium Contained in Superleak Using Doppler-Shifted Fourth Sound

摘要

Fourth sound techniques were extensively developed into a powerful tool for investigating persistent current states in rotating superfluid helium contained in a superleak. Unique features of these techniques are: (1) persistent superfluid component velocity is directly determined by the Doppler-shifted splitting of a fourth sound resonant mode in an annular cavity; (2) the superfluid component density is determined simultaneously and independently by measuring the velocity of fourth sound; (3) persistent current states are observed from a rotating frame. The fourth sound techniques allows observations of persistent current states which are otherwise inaccessible in a stationary measurement. As a consequence the authors show that every phenomenon observed in rotating locked superfluid helium (Bose superfluid) has an analogous counterpart in an irreversible type-II superconductor (Fermi superfluid). (Author)