Short-Wave Heating of Lake Surface Water under a Candled Ice Cover

摘要

In spring, as snow covering lakes and rivers begins to melt, meltwater percolates through microcracks in the ice initiating vertical channels through the ice. The ice develops into a porous fabric, known as candled ice, characterized by closely packed vertical 'candles' of ice interspersed with channels of meltwater. Candled ice is quite transparent to short wave radiation, with optical extinction coefficients approaching those found in the lake water which implies that incident solar radiation can penetrate the ice cover, warming the water immediately below the melting ice. This paper presents results of a one-dimensional heat balance study of near surface water below candled ice. It considers short wave penetration of heat through candled ice and into the underlying water column, latent heat effects, and thermal conduction and convection.