The Hubble—Humason effect and general relativity need no cosmological expansion

摘要

The theories of general relativity and neo-Ritzian theory are equivalently adequate in explaining the cosmological redshift (after deduction of the effect of local velocities and gravitational potentials by neo-Ritzian theory or general relativity). The velocity-quantizing force (neo-Ritzian theory) of the intergalactic ionized plasma, the latter having mass currents due to several causes, exerts a mean retarding force on each photon that is proportional to its frequency. Thus the ratio n_(observer) nsource is exp(—Kx); x is the distance from source to observer. The neo-Ritzian universe is infinite and large-scale uniform. Detonating hypermassive black holes may be potential subuniverses to which canonical theory, including "many universes," may be relevant.