In the USA, creating wetlands as mitigation for loss of natural wetlands is often required under the provisions of the Clean Water Act. In recent years, the utility of this practice has come under question as evidence has begun to indicate that created wetlands are very different from their natural counterparts. Created wetlands have been shown to be different from natural wetlands in many ways, including morphology (Campbell, 1996), hydrology (Cole & Brooks, 2000), soils (Bishel, 1994; Campbell, Cole, & Brooks, 2002; Shaffer & Ernst, 1999), vegetation (Cole, 1992), fish and wildlife populations (Zedler, 2000), and overall function (Hoeltje & Cole, 2007).
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