The existence of devices to protect one's head from impact injury certainly predated any understanding we may have about the biomechanics of head injury. From the pioneering work of our own John Paul Stapp, of Gurdjian, and of Holbourne to the complex finite element models of today, incredible progress has been made in our field. Yet we still have a long way to go to optimize head protection. From the metal gladiator head gear through rudimentary leather bonnets, to helmets today that for the first time are beginning to address rotationally-induced brain injury, this evolution has not been without serious technical struggles. The development of protective headgear has been governed largely by test standards that have been adopted to quantify helmet performance requirements. To a great extent these standards are designed and promulgated by people with the absolute best of intentions. Yet the mechanical, and especially the biomechanical, bases of these standards have often been troublesome. This probably has thwarted the development of better head protection sooner. My brief presentation will trace the development of the modern helmet with special emphasis on some of the biomechanical road blocks we have faced along the way. There are, of course, hundreds and hundreds of papers dealing with this subject. The bibliography below is one selection of publications that more or less covers the field.
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机译：保护头部免受冲击伤害的设备的存在肯定早于我们对头部伤害的生物力学的任何了解。从我们自己的John Paul Stapp，Gurdjian和Holbourne的开创性工作到当今复杂的有限元模型，我们领域都取得了令人难以置信的进步。然而，要优化头部保护，我们还有很长的路要走。从金属角斗士的头饰到基本的皮革引擎盖，再到今天的头盔首次开始解决旋转性脑损伤，这种进化并非没有认真的技术斗争。防护头盔的开发在很大程度上受到测试标准的控制，这些测试标准已被用来量化头盔的性能要求。这些标准在很大程度上是由具有绝对最佳意图的人设计和颁布的。然而，这些标准的机械基础，尤其是生物机械基础常常很麻烦。这可能阻碍了更好的头部保护的发展。我的简短演讲将追溯现代头盔的发展，并特别强调我们在此过程中面临的一些生物力学障碍。当然，有数百篇有关此主题的论文。以下参考书目是或多或少涵盖该领域的出版物的一种。
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