Congenital tracheal surgery is uncommon and few centers have enough experience to make meaningful conclusions about treatment. Short-segment congenital tracheal stenosis is treated by tracheal resection, whereas long-segment stenosis is treated by slide tracheoplasty. Tracheomalacia is treated most commonly by aortopexy if due to simple vascular compression, division of an offending vascular ring if due to a compressing or encircling ring, or by careful observation if not associated with vascular compression.
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