Contamination of surface (SW) and groundwater (GW) systems by pesticides has been well documented by several monitoring studies across Europe. The potential for contamination of water bodies is high in areas where rice is cultivated under submerged conditions. The large amounts of water used for maintaining submerged conditions during rice-cultivating season increases the likelihood of transport of pesticides via runoff to adjacent SWs and via leaching to GWs if the aquifers are not confined by impermeable soil layers.
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