Endocrine and metabolic deficiency.

摘要

Endocrine and metabolic disorders that cause neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations are frequently encountered by ophthalmologists in clinical practice. This review focuses on three of the most common entities for which neuro-ophthalmologic signs and symptoms are a prominent feature. These entities include pituitary disorders (adenoma, apoplexy, and hypophysitis), thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and neuro-ophthalmologic complications of diabetes mellitus, such as ischemic ocular motor mononeuropathies and diabetic papillopathy.