Energy use and emissions due to the manufacture of a forwarder

摘要

The aim of the study was to assess the amount of energy input and emissions of CO_2, CO, NO_x, SO_x, N_2O, HC, CH_4 and particles discharge to the environment in association to the following stages of a forwarder's life cycle; (1) material premanufacturing, (2) fabrication of individual components, (3) assembly of the vehicle, and (4) associated transports. The premanufacturing phase accounted for 65% of the total energy consumption, 70% of the CO_2 emissions, 95% of CO emissions and 65% of the NO_x emissions. Transports showed the smallest contribution to the environmental impact among the forwarder life cycle phases examined.